Detecting cancer in its earliest stages is one of the best tools we have for treating the disease effectively with the best possible outcomes. That’s why routine screenings, like a Pap test, are an integral part of maintaining your health. But what does a Pap test actually look for? Understanding what these routine screenings are is an important step in managing your own care.

A Pap test is a simple procedure used to collect cells from the cervix—the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. During a pelvic exam, a healthcare provider gently scrapes or brushes cells from the cervix. These cells are then examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities and detect changes in cervical cells that could develop into cancer if left untreated.

What Does a Pap Test Look For?

The Pap test is designed to identify:

• Precancerous changes in cervical cells (also called cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia).
• Cancerous cells that may already be present.
• Occasionally, signs of infection or inflammation, though this is not its primary purpose.

By catching abnormal cells early—before they turn into cancer—the Pap test plays a critical role in preventing cervical cancer.

It’s important to note that the Pap test only looks for irregularities in cervical cancer cells and is not an overall screening for gynecologic cancers. It does not screen for:

• Ovarian cancer
• Uterine (endometrial) cancer
• Vaginal or vulvar cancers
• Any non-gynecologic cancers

If you have symptoms like unusual bleeding, pelvic pain, or other concerns, talk to your healthcare provider. Additional tests may be needed.

When and How Often Should You Get a Pap Test?

Screening recommendations vary based on age and health history:

• Ages 21–29: Pap test every 3 years.
• Ages 30–65: Pap test every 3 years, HPV test every 5 years, or co-testing every 5 years.
• Over 65: You may not need screening if you’ve had regular normal results.

Always consult your healthcare provider to determine the best screening schedule for you.

What Happens After an Abnormal Pap Test Result?

It’s important to remember that a Pap test detects cell abnormalities, and an abnormal Pap result doesn’t mean you have cancer. It means some cells look unusual and may need further evaluation. Follow-up may include:

• Repeat Pap or HPV testing
• Colposcopy (a closer look at the cervix)
• Biopsy to examine tissue more closely

Early detection and treatment of abnormal cells can prevent cervical cancer from developing.

What is the Difference Between a Pap Test and an HPV test?

Although both the Pap test and HPV test are used in cervical cancer screening, they serve distinct purposes. While a Pap tests looks at the cells in your cervix to detect changes, an HPV test checks for the presence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV)—the virus responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. This test uses the same sample of cervical cells but analyzes it for viral DNA rather than cellular changes.

The HPV test is generally more sensitive in identifying those at risk for cervical cancer, but the Pap test is better at identifying current cellular changes. These tests can be done separately or together.

What is the Difference Between a Pap Test and a Pelvic Exam?

While a Pap test can be performed during a pelvic exam, it is just a part of the overall exam. A pelvic exam is a physical examination of the reproductive organs for those assigned female at birth. During this exam, a healthcare provider visually and manually checks the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries for any abnormalities, such as swelling, masses, or tenderness. You can have a pelvic exam without a Pap test or a Pap test without a pelvic exam.

Key Differences:

• A pelvic exam is a physical assessment of the reproductive organs.
• A Pap test is a laboratory test that screens for cervical cell changes.

Learn More About Cervical Cancer Treatment at Minnesota Oncology

Regular cervical cancer screening can save lives. If you're due for a Pap test—or aren't sure when your last one was—schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider today. Early detection is one of the most powerful tools we have in preventing cervical cancer. 

To learn more about cervical cancer treatment, visit https://www.mnoncology.com/cancers-and-blood-disorders/cancers/gynecologic-cancers/cervical-cancer/treatment-options-cervical-cancer
 

Sources

[1] Pap Smear: Test, Purpose, and Results - American Cancer Society

[2] HPV and Pap Test Results: Next Steps after an Abnormal Test

[3] Definition of Pap smear - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms