Lymphoma and leukemia are types of blood cancers that can affect the body in different ways. While their symptoms can vary depending on the specific type and how the disease develops, knowing what to look for can help you recognize when it may be time to talk with your doctor. 

Understanding Lymphoma 

Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, for example, begins when a lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell, becomes abnormal. Lymphoma often begins in a lymph node and can affect other parts of the body. 

One symptom associated with lymphoma is swollen lymph nodes, which may occur in areas such as the neck, underarms or groin. Other symptoms can include fever, drenching night sweats and unexplained weight loss. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as “B symptoms” in lymphoma staging. 

Understanding Leukemia 

Leukemia is a cancer that starts in the tissues that form blood. There are several types of leukemia, and symptoms can vary depending on the type. Some forms develop slowly, while others progress more quickly. 

Common signs and symptoms of leukemia may include: 

• Persistent fatigue or weakness 

• Unexplained weight loss 

• Swollen, usually painless lymph nodes 

• Fever or chills 

• Night sweats 

• Frequent or prolonged infections 

• Easy bruising or bleeding 

• Small red spots on the skin, called petechiae 

• An enlarged liver or spleen 

These symptoms can occur because leukemia affects the production and function of normal blood cells. For example, lower platelet levels can contribute to easier bruising and bleeding, while changes to white blood cells can make infections more likely. 

When Should You Talk to Your Doctor? 

Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have lymphoma or leukemia. Many of these signs can have other causes. However, Minnesota Oncology recommends talking with your doctor if symptoms are persistent or concerning. 

If leukemia or another blood disorder is suspected, your doctor may begin with a physical examination and blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC). Depending on the findings and suspected condition, additional testing may be needed. 

If you have questions or want to learn more about the signs and symptoms of blood cancers, explore Minnesota Oncology’s resources on leukemia and lymphoma.